Among these the adsorption process is the most demanding technique which is easily accessible and ec

About this Journal Abstracting and Indexing Aims and Scope Article Processing Charges Articles flybase in Press Author Guidelines Bibliographic Information flybase Citations to this Journal Contact Information Editorial Board Editorial flybase Workflow Free eTOC Alerts Publication Ethics Reviewers Acknowledgment Submit a Manuscript Subscription Information Table of Contents
The adsorption-influencing factors such as pH, dose, and time were optimized by batch adsorption study. A 0.8 g dose, 4.0 pH, and 80 min of contact time were optimized for maximum adsorption of Pb on AP. The adsorption isotherms (Langmuir and Freundlich) were well fitted to the data obtained with values of (16.39 mg/g; ) and (16.14 mg/g; ), respectively. The kinetics study showed that lead adsorption follows the pseudo-second-order kinetics with correlation coefficient ( ) of 0.999 for all of the concentration range. FTIR spectra also showed that the major functional groups flybase like polyphenols (–OH) and carbonyl (–CO) were responsible for Pb binding on AP. The thermodynamic parameters as , (33.54 J/mol), and (1.08 J/mol/K) were also studied and indicate that the reaction is feasible, endothermic, and spontaneous in nature. 1. Introduction
Due to the industrialization, especially in the developing countries, the emission of the heavy metals as lead, cadmium, chromium, nickel, arsenic, and mercury are highly concerned to public and aquatic health. Lead is released with the effluent from the paint, batteries, and automobiles manufacturing units. Lead is one of the toxic metals and largely affects the central, peripheral nervous system. Besides this the other toxic effects of the lead are visual disturbances, convulsions, loss of appetite, antisocial behaviors, constipation, anemia, tenderness, nausea, vomiting, severe abdominal pain, anemia, and gradual paralysis in the muscles [ 1 ]. There are several methods for removing heavy metals from aqueous solutions, such as chemical precipitation, membrane filtration, ion exchange, reverse osmosis, and adsorption [ 2 ]. However, the methods for the removal of metal are expensive, difficult, incomplete, and generate large amount of solid waste.
Among these the adsorption process is the most demanding technique which is easily accessible and economically feasible for the removal of water contaminants [ 3 , 4 ]. It is the most suitable process for the removal of metals flybase due to low cost, being easily flybase obtained, flybase and minimizing the volume of chemical and biological sludge. Adsorption of metals involves several mechanisms that differ qualitatively and quantitatively, according to the species used, the origin of the biomass, and its processing procedure [ 5 ]. The literature was reviewed and it was found that different kinds of the adsorbent material as activated carbon [ 6 ], pine cone [ 7 ] grape bagasse [ 8 ], pine needles [ 9 ], peels of banana are used for removal of particular metals from water.
In flybase India, out of 5000 tons of apple pomace (AP) 3000 tons are produced in Himachal Pradesh [ 10 ]. Its huge production flybase in apple juice industry becomes a challenge of its utilization as well as its disposal. Presently, the apple pomace produced after the extraction juice from its manufacturing unit is disposed off in the field for natural decomposition. After period of time the waste undergoes anaerobic decomposition during rain and cause environmental pollution by releasing significant amount of methane. Globally, about 3–19% emission of total anthprogenic flybase methane was contributed by waste dumping flybase site [ 11 ]. This is also creating the problem for the public as well as the environment. flybase About 25–30% of apple pomace is left of the total processed fruit, which is rich in polyphenols, flybase polysaccharides, pectins, cellulose hemicellulose, and lignin [ 10 ]. Since these contains flybase the functional groups, –COO, flybase –CO, –NH 2 , and –OH they are highly flybase responsible for the metals binding capacity [ 12 ]. The literature reported that the polyphenols are highly efficient for the removal of lead than the others metals [ 13 ].
Since Pb ion had large binding capacity with polyphenols and AP is rich source of polyphenols, by viewing this fact, the present study investigated for removal of Pb from water by the surface adsorption method which is inexpensive, feasible, and environmental friendly. flybase The adsorption model as Langmuir and Freundlich satisfied the data with regression coefficient ( ), , and for Pb. Spontaneity of adsorption process with respect to temperature and the behavior of adsorption with the passage of time were studied using thermodynamic and kinetic studies. The adsorption parameters flybase as pH, dose, and time were studied flybase which affect the adsorption. flybase 2. Materials and Methods 2.1. Chemicals
All the chemicals used in the present flybase work were of analytical grade. The filter papers were obtained from Qualigens