But even after such a separation are still many open questions. For example: Which point is that ge

The genome is old hat. Is interesting to see what comes next. For it is the proteins that control all processes of life. To investigate their interaction is the next big challenge in life sciences.
If you look at a cell at any given time, shows that it does not produce by far the entire set of proteins, they could produce. The vast majority of genes of a cell are never read. Conversely arise from certain genes, several different proteins. These genes are composed of modules, which can be set to different messenger molecules together. Accordingly, the Ablesemaschinerie the ribosome produces different proteins. In this way, for example, the cells of the body's immune system can produce antibodies against a wide variety prob of pathogens in a short time. Many scientists consider the protein equipment of a cell, ie the proteome, meaningful for biologically than the genome.
In a paper-thin gel can be unravel protein on their size and charge, it is not easy to determine which set of proteins a cell actually possesses. prob However, modern methods allow up to 10,000 prob different proteins Duch two-dimensional gel electrophoresis called to be kept separate - in films from the size of a sheet of writing paper on which each protein is collected in one point: The film consists of a material for proteins is permeable. However, large proteins are in progress not as fast as small. If you imagine the film as a forest before, then the small proteins would be a bunny who can pass quickly between the tree trunks. The large protein would be however a deer that is caught again and again. After some time, the hare would be more than the deer.
The principle of gel electrophoresis: Small proteins (rabbit) faster than large (deer) in the fibers of the gel (forest) above. In the two-dimensional gel electrophoresis then the direction is changed by 90 and applying an electric field, so that the proteins are also separated by their charge. Applied to our example would now be the emergence of a walker from the side of the same size, but different scared animals separate.
But even after such a separation are still many open questions. For example: Which point is that gene? Here, a method has made great progress, which originates from the chemical analysis. With the help of the so-called mass spectrometry, it is now possible to determine the structure of a protein also from the tiny amount of such a sample is fully automatic.
Even if you know the structure of a protein, says nothing about from which task it fulfilled in the cell. An indication is obtained most likely when it is out of action. Something like that would perhaps beings from another planet do if they want to know what the individual parts of a car are there - what happens about when the brake shoes or the camshaft removed?
For medical diagnostics proteome analyzes are only useful when comparing the proteins of several cells together - for example, those from different donors. For this purpose, it would be possible to detect differences of as many proteins simultaneously. In previous experiments only 20 to 30 parallel tests are on so-called "protein chips" possible. But even this rather modest prob speed could be interesting for certain applications, for example in allergy diagnosis.
Medical applications are "Proteome analysis prob of man", which is funding the Federal Ministry of Research since the end of 1999, 80 million marks in the center of the project. Using a particular form of rheumatism the groups involved want to find out how the protein composition of diseased prob and healthy cells differs. And the researchers also hope to figure out the differences between different patients. The there must be, because not everyone responds to a therapy equally well to. Therefore, prob the proteome could bring a new dimension to expand the medicine of the 21st century: namely the possibility for individual treatment. For the proteome could provide evidence of whether a drug at all can act and what dose you have to choose a desired effect - for example, in chemotherapy against cancer.
Wherein 2D gel electrophoresis is separated first by the external load (the sample is applied to a so-called IPG strip is applied a voltage is applied) and then to set the strip to the gel, the length, so that the gel can migrate größenseparierend by applying another voltage. prob
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